“Universal history was born in cities, and it reached maturity with the city’s decisive victory over the country. For Marx, one of the greatest merits of the bourgeoisie as a revolutionary class was the fact that it “subjected the country to the city,” whose “very air is liberating.” But if the history of the city is a history of freedom, it is also a history of tyranny — a history of state administrations controlling not only the countryside but the cities themselves.”

(Guy Debord: The Society of the Spectacle, thesis176)

According to the approach of two scientists, the earth has entered a new epoch: The Anthropocene. What we are facing is not only an environmental crisis but a geological revolution of human origin. A new era in geological history has emerged since two thousand years ago, in which the first activity, humanity has become the most decisive factor in the evolution of the planet Earth. One of the prominent features of this period is the large-scale ecological disruptions caused by human activity. (Bonneuil, Fressoz 2016) Taking advantage of a deeper look, it is obvious that in the social relations of capitalist production, human has caused fundamental changes in nature, not only externally, but also internally. And this approach challenges the theoretical conception of the intrinsic human, the inherent separation of human from nature, human from society, and human beings from the relations of production within which they are formed.

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